SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY DESIGN 2ED
Ouvrage 0-07-052236-7 : SWITCHING POWER SUPPLY DESIGN 2ED
A practical guide to state-of-the-art power supply
design Switching Power Supply
Design, Second Edition Nowhere else can you find,
in one book, all the information
you need to design a switching power supply. And no
other book on the subject is as
practical, yet mathematically sufficient, without
being unnecessarily academic. Using
a tutorial, how-to-do-it approach, Pressman first
explains basic principles and why
thigs are done as they are. With a knowledge of
basic principles, the engineer can
easily cope with new design requrements and
evaluate alternative design decisions.
The topics covered represent all those areas where
a design decision hasto be made
in commencing a new design. These include: Topology
Descriptions--A quantitative
description of the roughly 15 commonly used
topologies. Maximum current and
voltage stress on power transistors for specified
input voltage-output powers are
described. The discussion permits selection of an
optimum topology for the specified
input-output voltages, output powers, and the
selection of the power transistors;
High-Frequency Magnetics Fundamentals--Ferrite core
hysteresis, coil skin effect,
and proximity effect losses; Transformer
Design--Derivation of equation for
transformer core selection for available output
power as a function of frequency, flux
density, iron and bobbin area, and topology; novel
charts derived from the equations,
permitting core selection at a glance; core, coil,
total transformer loss, and temperature
rise calculations; transformer design examples in
major topologies; DC Current Biased
Inductor Design--Design of inductors carrying DC
bias currents using ferrite, MPP,
Koolmu, and powered iron cores; Magnetic Amplifier,
Snubber Designs, and
Resonant Converters; Feedbak Look Stabilization;
Critical Polaroid Waveforms in
Major Topologies. This second edition adds chapters
on the current hottest topics in
the field; power factor corrections, high-frequency
ballsts for flourescent lamps, and
low-input voltage power supplies for laptop
computers.
Table of Contents
Preface
xix
Part 1 Topologies
3
Chapter 1. Fundamental Switching
3
Regulators--Buck, Boost, and Inverter
Topologies
1.1 Introduction
3
1.2 Linear Regulators--Swtiching Regulator
4
Ancestors
1.2.1 Basic operation--merits and
4
drawbacks
1.2.2 Linear regulator drawbacks
5
1.2.3 Power dissipation in the
5
series-pass transistor
1.2.4 Linear regulator efficiency versus
6
output voltage
1.2.5 Linear regulators with PNP
8
series-pass transistors for lesser
required headroom
1.3 "Buck" Switching Regulator Topology
9
1.3.1 Basic operation
9
1.3.2 Significant current waveforms in
12
buck regulator
1.3.3 Buck regulator efficiency
13
neglecting AC switching losses
1.3.4 Buck regulator efficiency
13
including AC switching losses
1.3.5 Optimum switching frequency in
16
buck regulator
1.3.6 Design relations--output filter
17
inductor selection
1.3.7 Design relations--output filter
21
capacitor selection
1.3.8 DC-isolated, regulated voltage
23
from a buck regulator
1.4 Boost Switching Regulator Topology
24
1.4.1 Basic operation
24
1.4.2 Quantitative relations--boost
26
regulator
1.4.3 Discontinuous and continuous modes
27
in boost regulator
1.4.4 Discontinuous-mode boost regulator
28
design relations
1.4.5 Boost regulator applications and
31
flyback comparison
1.5 Polarity Inverting Switching Regulator
32
Topology
1.5.1 Basic operation
32
1.5.2 Design relations in polarity
34
inverter
Reference
35
Chapter 2. Push-Pull and Forward Converter
37
Topologies
2.1 Introduction
37
2.2 Push-Pull Topology
37
2.2.1 Basic operation--master/slave
37
outputs
2.2.2 Slave line-load regulation
40
2.2.3 Slave absolute output voltage
41
levels
2.2.4 Master output inductor minimum
41
current limitations
2.2.5 Flux imbalance in push-pull
42
topology
2.2.6 Indications of flux imbalance
45
2.2.7 Testing for flux imbalance
48
2.2.8 Coping with flux imbalance
49
2.2.9 Power transformer design relations
51
2.2.10 Primary, secondary peak and rms
55
currents
2.2.11 Transistor voltage stress and
58
leakage inductance spikes
2.2.12 Power transistor losses
60
2.2.13 Output power and input voltage
63
limitations in push-pull topology
2.2.14 Output filter design relations
64
2.3 Forward Converter Topology
66
2.3.1 Basic operation
66
2.3.2 Design relations: output/input
70
voltage, on time, turns ratios
2.3.3 Slave output voltages
71
2.3.4 Secondary load, free-wheeling
72
diode, and inductor currents
2.3.5 Relations between primary current,
73
output power, and input voltage
2.3.6 Maximum off-voltage stress in
74
power transistor
2.3.7 Practical input voltage/output
74
power limits
2.3.8 Forward converter with unequal
75
power and reset winding turns
2.3.9 Forward converter magnetics
78
2.3.10 Power transformer design relations
81
2.3.11 Output filter design relations
84
2.4 Double-Ended Forward Converter Topology
86
2.4.1 Basic operation
86
2.4.2 Design relations and transformer
88
design
2.5 Interleaved Forward Converter Topology
89
2.5.1 Basic operation--merits,
89
drawbacks, and output power limits
2.5.2 Transformer design relations
92
2.5.3 Output filter design
92
Chapter 3. Half-and Full-Bridge Converter
93
Topologies
3.1 Introduction
93
3.2 Half-Bridge Converter Topology
93
3.2.1 Basic operation
93
3.2.2 Half-bridge magnetics
95
3.2.3 Output filter calculations
97
3.2.4 Blocking capacitor to avoid flux
97
imbalance
3.2.5 Half-bridge leakage inductance
98
problems
3.2.6 Double-ended forward converter
99
versus half bridge
3.2.7 Practical output power limits in
100
half bridge
3.3 Full-Bridge Converter Topology
101
3.3.1 Basic operation
101
3.3.2 Full-bridge magnetics
103
3.3.3 Output filter calculations
104
3.3.4 Transformer primary blocking
104
capacitor
Chapter 4. Flyback Converter Topologies
105
4.1 Introduction
105
4.2 Flyback Converter--Areas of Application
105
4.3 Discontinuous-Mode Flybacks--Basic
107
Operation
4.3.1 Relation between output voltage
108
versus input voltage, on time, output load
4.3.2 Design relations and sequential
109
decision requirements
4.3.3 Flyback magnetics
114
4.3.4 Flyback disadvantages
121
4.3.5 Flybacks for 120- or 220-V-AC
125
operation with no doubler and full-wave
rectifier switching
4.4 Continuous-Mode Flybacks--Basic
127
Operation
4.4.1 Discontinuous-mode to
130
continuous-mode transition
4.4.2 Design relations--continuous-mode
132
flybacks
4.5 Interleaved Flybacks
137
4.5.1 Summation of secondary currents in
138
interleaved flybacks
4.6 Double-Ended Discontinuous-Mode Flyback
138
4.6.1 Area of application
138
4.6.2 Basic operation
139
4.6.3 Leakage inductance effect in
140
double-ended flyback
References
141
Chapter 5. Current-Mode and Current-Fed
143
Topologies
5.1 Introduction
143
5.2 Current-Mode Advantages
144
5.2.1 Avoidance of flux imbalance in
144
push-pull converters
5.2.2 Instantaneous correction against
145
line voltage changes without the delay in
an error amplifier (voltage feedforward
characteristics)
5.2.3 Ease and simplicity of
145
feedback-loop stabilization
5.2.4 Paralleling outputs
146
5.2.5 Improved load current regulation
146
5.3 Current-Mode versus Voltage-Mode
146
Control Circuits
5.3.1 Voltage-mode control circuitry
146
5.3.2 Current-mode control circuitry
149
5.4 Detailed Explanation of Current-Mode
154
Advantages
5.4.1 Line voltage regulation
154
5.4.2 Elimination of flux imbalance
154
5.4.3 Simplified loop stabilization
155
resulting from elimination of output
inductor in small-signal analysis
5.4.4 Mechanism of load current
156
regulation
5.5 Current-Mode Deficiencies and Problems
158
5.5.1 Constant peak versus constant
158
average output inductor problems
5.5.2 Response to an output inductor
161
current disturbance
5.5.3 Slope compensation to correct
161
problems in current mode
5.5.4 Slope compensation with a
163
positive-going ramp voltage
5.5.5 Implementing slope compensation
164
5.6 Voltage-Fed and Current-Fed Topologies
165
5.6.1 Introduction and definitions
165
5.6.2 Deficiencies of voltage-fed,
166
width-modulated full-wave bridge
5.6.3 Buck-voltage-fed full-wave bridge
170
topology-basic operation
5.6.4 Buck-voltage-fed full-wave bridge
172
advantages
5.6.5 Drawbacks in buck-voltage-fed
174
full-wave bridge
5.6.6 Buck-current-fed full-wave bridge
175
topology-basic operation
5.6.7 Flyback-current-fed push-pull
189
topology
References
208
Chapter 6. Miscellaneous Topologies
211
6.1 SCR Resonant Topologies--Introduction
211
6.2 SCR Basics
213
6.3 SCR Turnoff by Resonant Sinusoidal
216
Anode Currents--Single-Ended Resonant
Inverter Topology
6.4 SCR Resonant Bridge
222
Topologies--Introduction
6.4.1 SCR half-bridge resonant
224
converter, series-loaded--basic operation
6.4.2 Design calculations--SCR
226
half-bridge resonant converter,
series-loaded
6.4.3 Design example--SCR half-bridge
229
resonant converter, series-loaded
6.4.4 SCR half-bridge resonant
230
converter, shunt-loaded
6.4.5 Single-ended SCR resonant
230
converter topology design
6.5 Cuk Converter Topology--Introduction
237
6.5.1 Cuk converter--basic operation
237
6.5.2 Relation between output/input
239
voltage and Q on time
6.5.3 Rates of change of currents in L1,
240
L2
6.5.4 Reducing input ripple currents to
241
zero
6.5.5 Isolated outputs in the Cuk
242
converter
6.6 Low Output Power "Housekeeping" or
242
"Auxillary" Topologies--Introduction
6.6.1 Housekeeping power supply--on
243
output or input ground
6.6.2 Housekeeping supply alternatives
244
6.6.3 Specific housekeeping supply block
245
diagrams
6.6.4 Royer oscillator housekeeping
248
supply--basic operation
6.6.5 Minimum-parts-count flyback as a
260
housekeeping supply
6.6.6 Buck regulator with DC-isolated
262
output as a housekeeping supply
References
263
Part 2 Magnetics and Circuits Designs
267
Chapter 7. Transformer and Magnetics Design
267
7.1 Introduction
267
7.2 Transformer Core Materials and
268
Geometries and Peak Flux Density Selection
7.2.1 Ferrite core losses versus
268
frequency and flux density for widely
used core materials
7.2.2 Ferrite core geometries
271
7.2.3 Peak flux density selection
275
7.3 Maximum Transformer Core Output Power,
277
Peal Flux Density, Core and Bobbin Areas,
and Coil Current Density
7.3.1 Derivation of output power
277
relations for forward converter topology
7.3.2 Derivation of output power
280
relations for push-pull topology
7.3.3 Derivation of output power
286
relations for half-bridge topology
7.3.4 Output power relations in
287
full-bridge topology
7.3.5 Conversion of output power
288
equations into charts permitting core and
operating frequency selection at a glance
7.4 Transformer Temperature Rise
294
Calculations
7.5 Transformer Copper Losses
298
7.5.1 Introduction
298
7.5.2 Skin effect
300
7.5.3 Skin effect--quantitative relations
301
7.5.4 AC/DC resistance ratio for various
303
wire sizes at various frequencies
7.5.5 Skin effect with rectangular
306
current waveshapes
7.5.6 Proximity effect
308
References
317
Chapter 8. Bipolar Power Transistor Base
319
Drives
8.1 Introduction
319
8.2 Objectives of Bipolar Base Drive
320
Circuits
8.2.1 Sufficiently high current
320
throughout the on time
8.2.2 A spike of high base input current
321
I(b1) at instant of turnon
8.2.3 A spike of high reverse base
322
current I(b2) at the instant of turnoff
8.2.4 A base-to-emitter reverse voltage
324
spike -1 to -5 V in amplitude at the
instant of turnoff
8.2.5 A scheme to permit the circuit to
324
work equally well with high- or low-beta
transistors
8.2.6 High efficiency
325
8.3 Baker Clamps
325
8.3.1 Baker clamp operation
328
8.3.2 Transformer coupling into a Baker
330
clamp
8.3.3 Transformerized Baker clamp
336
8.3.4 Inherent Baker clamping in
338
Darlington transistors
8.3.5 Proportional base drive
329
8.3.6 Miscellaneous base drive schemes
345
References
351
Chapter 9. MOSFET Power Transistors and
353
Input Drive Circuits
9.1 Introduction
353
9.2 MOSFET Basics
354
9.2.1 MOSFET drain current versus
356
drain-to-source voltage characteristics
(I(d) - V
9.2.2 MOSFET input impedance and
359
required gate currents
9.2.3 MOSFET gate rise and fall times
361
for desired drain current rise and fall
times
9.2.4 MOSFET gate drive circuits
362
9.2.5 MOSFET R(dc) temperature
365
characteristics and safe operating area
limits
9.2.6 MOSFET gate threshold voltage and
369
temperature characteristic
9.2.7 MOSFET switching speed and
370
temperature characteristics
9.2.8 MOSFET current ratings
371
9.2.9 Parallelling MOSFETs
374
9.2.10 MOSFETs in push-pull topology
377
9.2.11 MOSFET maximum gate voltage
378
specifications
9.2.12 MOSFET drain-to-source ("body")
379
diode
References
380
Chapter 10. Magnetic-Amplifier Postregulators
381
10.1 Introduction
381
10.2 Linear and Buck Regulator
382
Postregulators
10.3 Magnetic Amplifiers--Introduction
383
10.3.1 Square hysteresis look magnetic
385
core as a fast acting on/off switch with
electrically adjustable on/off time
10.3.2 Blocking and firing times in
388
magnetic-amplifier postregulators
10.3.3 Magnetic-amplifier core resetting
389
and voltage regulation
10.3.4 Slave output voltage shutdown
390
with magnetic amplifiers
10.3.5 Square hysteresis loop core
391
characteristics and sources
10.3.6 Core loss and temperature rise
396
calculations
10.3.7 Design
402
example--magnetic-amplifier postregulator
10.3.8 Magnetic-amplifier gain
407
10.3.9 Magnetic amplifiers for a
408
push-pull output
10.4 Magnetic Amplifier Pulse-Width
408
Modulator and Error Amplifier
10.4.1 Circuit details, magnetic
409
amplifier pulse-width modulator-error
amplifier
References
412
Chapter 11. Turnon, Turnoff Switching Losses
413
and Snubbers
11.1 Introduction
413
11.2 Transistor Turnoff Losses without a
414
Snubber
11.3 RCD Turnoff Snubber Operation
416
11.4 Selection of Capacitor Size in RCD
418
Snubber
11.5 Design Example--RCD Snubber
419
11.5.1 RCD snubber returned to positive
420
supply rail
11.6 Nondissipative Snubbers
421
11.7 Snubber Reduction of Leakage
422
Inductance Spike to Avoid Second Breakdown
11.8 Transformer-Aided Snubber
425
References
426
Chapter 12. Feedback-Loop Stabilization
427
12.1 Introduction
427
12.2 Mechanism of Loop Oscillation
429
12.2.1 Gain citerion for a stable circuit
429
12.2.2 Gain slope criteria for a stable
430
circuit
12.2.3 Gain characteristic of LC output
433
filter with and without equivalent series
resistance (ESR) in output capacitor
12.2.4 Pulse-width-modulator gain
436
12.2.5 Total output LC filter plus
437
modulator and sampling network gain
12.3 Shaping Error-Amplifier
437
Gain-versus-Frequency Characteristic
12.4 Error-Amplifier Transfer Function,
440
Poles and Zeros
12.5 Rules for Gain Slope Changes Due to
442
Zero and Pole Frequencies
12.6 Derivation of Transfer Function of an
444
Error Amplifier with Single Zero and Single
Pole from Its Schematic
12.7 Calculation of Type 2 Error-Amplifier
445
Phase Shift from Its Zero and Pole Locations
12.8 Phase Shift through LC Filter Having
446
ESR in Its Output Capacitor
12.9 Design Example--Stabilizing a Forward
448
Converter Feedback Loop with a Type 2 Error
Amplifier
12.10 Type 3 Error Amplifier--When Used
451
and Transfer Function
12.11 Phase Lag through a Type 3 Error
453
Amplifier as Function of Zero and Pole
Locations
12.12 Type 3 Error Amplifier Schematic,
454
Transfer Function, and Zero and Pole
Locations
12.13 Design Example--Stabilizing a
456
Forward Converter Feedback Loop with a Type
3 Error Amplifier
12.14 Component Selection to Yield Desired
458
Type 3 Error-Amplifier Gain Curve
12.15 Conditional Stability in Feedback
459
Loops
12.16 Stabilizing a Discontinuous-Mode
461
Flyback Converter
12.16.1 DC gain from error-amplifier
461
output to output voltage node
12.16.2 Discontinuous-mode flyback
462
transfer function or AC voltage gain from
error-amplifier output to output voltage
node
12.17 Error-Amplifier Transfer Function
464
for Discontinuous-Mode Flyback
12.18 Design Example--Stabilizing a
465
Discontinuous-Mode Flyback Converter
12.19 Transconductance Error Amplifiers
468
References
470
Chapter 13. Resonant Converters
471
13.1 Introduction
471
13.2 Resonant Forward Converter
473
13.2.1 Measured waveforms in a resonant
476
forward converter
13.3 Resonant Converter Operating Modes
479
13.3.1 Discontinuous and continuous;
479
above resonance and below resonance
operating modes
13.4 Resonant Half Bridge in
481
Continuous-Conduction Mode
13.4.1 Parallel resonant converter (PRC)
481
and series resonant converter
13.4.2 AC equivalent circuits and gain
482
curves for series-and parallel-loaded
half bridges in continuous-conduction mode
13.4.3 Regulation with series-loaded
484
half bridge in continuous-conduction mode
13.4.4 Regulation with parallel-loaded
485
half bridge in continuous-conduction mode
13.4.5 Series-parallel resonant
486
converter in continuous-conduction mode
13.4.6 Zero-voltage-switching
488
quasi-resonant (CCM) converters
13.5 Resonant Power Supplies--Conclusion
490
References
492
Part 3 Typical Switching Power Supply Waveforms
495
Chapter 14. Waveforms
495
14.1 Introduction
495
14.2 Forward Converter Waveshapes
496
14.2.1 V(dc), I(d) photos at 80 percent
497
of full load
14.2.2 V(dc), I(dc) photos at 40 percent
499
of full load
14.2.3 Overlap of drain voltage and
499
drain current at turnon turnoff
transitions
14.2.4 Relative timing of drain current,
502
drain-to-source voltage, and
gate-to-source voltage
14.2.5 Relative timing of input voltage
502
to output inductor, output inductor
current rise and fall times, and power
transistor drain-to-source voltage
14.2.6 Relative timing of critical
503
waveforms in PWM driver chip
for forward converter of Fig. 14.1
14.3 Push-Pull Topology
504
Waveshapes--Introduction
14.3.1 Transformer center tap currents
505
and drain-to-source voltages at maximum
load currents for maximum, nominal, and
minimum supply voltages
14.3.2 Opposing V(dc) waveshapes,
509
relative timing, and flux locus during
dead time
14.3.3 Relative timing of gate input
511
voltage, drain-to-source voltage, and
drain currents
14.3.4 Drain current as measured with a
511
current probe in series in the drain as
compared with measurement with a current
probe in series in the transformer center
tap
14.3.5 Output ripple voltage and
511
rectifier cathode voltage
14.3.6 Oscillatory ringing at rectifier
513
cathodes at transistor turnon
14.3.7 AC switching loss due to overlap
515
of falling drain current and rising drain
voltage at turnoff
14.3.8 Drain currents as measured in the
515
transformer center tap and
drain-to-source voltages at one-fifth of
maximum output power
14.3.9 Drain current as measured in
519
drain lead and drain voltage at one-fifth
of maximum output power
14.3.10 Relative timing of opposing
519
drain voltages at one-fifth of maximum
output currents
14.3.11 5-V output inductor current and
519
rectifier cathode voltage
14.3.12 5-V rectifier cathode voltage at
520
output current higher than minimum
14.3.13 Gate input and drain current
520
timing
14.3.14 Rectifier diode and transformer
520
secondary currents
14.3.15 Apparent double turnon per half
520
period arising from too high a
magnetizing current or too low DC output
currents
14.3.16 Drain currents and
523
drain-to-source voltage at output power
15 percent above specified maximum
14.3.17 Ringing at drain during
523
transistor dead time
14.4 Flyback Topology Waveshapes
523
14.4.1 Introduction
523
14.4.2 Drain current/drain-to-source
525
waveshapes at 90 percent of full load for
minimum, nominal, and maximum input
voltages
14.4.3 Voltage and currents at output
527
rectifier inputs
14.4.4 Snubber capacitor current at
527
transistor turnoff
Part 4 Newer Applications for Switching Power
533
Supply Technique
Chapter 15. Power Factor, Power Factor
533
Correction
15.1 Power Factor--What Is It and Why Must
533
It Be Corrected?
15.2 Power Factor Correction in Switching
535
Power Supplies
15.3 Power Factor Correction--Basic
536
Circuit Details
15.3.1 Continuous-versus
539
discontinuous-mode boost topology for
power factor correction
15.3.2 Line input voltage regulation in
541
continuous-mode boost converters
15.3.3 Load current regulation in
543
continuous-mode boost regulators
15.4 Integrated-Circuit Chips for Power
544
Factor Correction
15.4.1 Unitrode UC 3854 power factor
544
correction chip
15.4.2 Forcing sinusoidal line current
546
with the UC 3854
15.4.3 Maintaining constant output
548
voltage with UC 3854
15.4.4 Power output with the UC 3854
548
15.4.5 Boost switching frequency with
550
the UC 3854
15.4.6 Selection of boost output
550
inductor L1
15.4.7 Selection of boost output
552
capacitor
15.4.8 Peak current limiting n the UC
553
3854
15.4.9 Stabilizing the UC 3854 feedback
554
loop
15.5 Motorola MC 34261 Power Factor
554
Correction Chip
15.5.1 Details of the Motorola MC 34261
556
15.5.2 Logic details of the MC 34261
557
15.5.3 Calculations for frequency and
558
magnitude of inductor L1
15.5.4 Selection of current-sensing
560
resistor (R9) and multiplier input
resistor network (R3,R7) for the MC 34261
References
561
Chapter 16. High-Frequency Power Sources for
563
Fluorescent Lamps
16.1 Why High-Frequency Power Sources?
563
16.2 Fluorescent Lamp--Physics and Types
567
16.3 Electric Arc Characteristics
569
16.3.1 Arc characteristics with DC
571
supply voltage at the electrodes
16.3.2 AC-driven fluorescent lamps
573
16.3.3 Fluorescent lamp volt/ampere
574
characteristics
16.4 Electronic Ballast Circuits
576
16.5 DC/AC Inverter--General
579
Characteristics
16.6 DC/AC Inverter Topologies
580
16.6.1 Current-fed push-pull topology
582
16.6.2 Voltages and currents in
585
current-fed push-pull topology
16.6.3 Magnitude of "current feed"
586
inductor in current-fed topology
16.6.4 Specific core selection for
587
current feed inductor
16.6.5 Coil design for current feed
593
inductor
16.6.6 Ferrite core transformer for
594
current-fed topology
16.6.7 Toroidal core transformer for
600
current-fed topology
16.7 Voltage-Fed Push-Pull Topology
601
16.8 Current-Fed Parallel Resonant
604
Half-Bridge Topology
16.9 Voltage-Fed Series Resonant
606
Half-Bridge Topology
16.10 Electronic Ballast Packageing
608
References
608
Chapter 17. Low-Input-Voltage Regulators for
611
Laptop Computers and Portable Electronics
17.1 Introduction
611
17.1.1 Low-Input-voltage regulator
612
suppliers
17.2 Linear Technology Boost and Buck
613
Regulators
17.2.1 Linear Technology LT1170 Boost
613
regulator
17.2.2 Significant Polaroid waveforms in
615
the LT1170 boost regulator
17.2.3 Thermal considerations in IC
623
regulators
17.2.4 Alternative uses for the LT1170
625
boost regulator
17.2.5 Additional LTC high-power boost
630
regulators
17.2.6 Component selection for boost
631
regulators
17.2.7 Linear Technology buck regulator
634
family
17.2.8 Alternative uses for the LT1074
640
buck regulator
17.2.9 Higher-efficiency LTC high-power
643
buck regulators
17.2.10 Summary of high-power Linear
654
Technology buck regulators
17.2.11 Linear Technology micropower
654
regulators
17.2.12 Feedback loop stabilization
654
17.3 Maxim IC Regulators
661
17.4 Distributed Power Systems with IC
665
Building Blocks
References
668
Appendix
669
Bibliography
670
Index
671
Auteur : PRESSMAN
Editeur : MAC GRAW HILL
Nombre de pages : 682
Date de publication : 01 1997
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